The mass production methods utilized for bookmaking 
     made it possible and indeed necessary to think of books 
     less as representations of words serving for the 
     communication of thought and more as things. Books came 
     to be regarded more and more as products of crafts and as 
     commodities to be merchandised. The word, living human 
     speech, is here in a sense reified. Even before the advent of 
     typography a marked reification of the word had been 
     begun by the medieval terminist logicians, and elsewhere I 
     have discussed in detail the psychological connections 
     between terminist logic, the topical logic which succeeded it 
     in the humanist age, and the development of attitudes 
     toward communication favoring typography. The terminist 
     logic was indeed still represented at Paris in Ramus’ youth 
     or not long before by persons such as Juan de Celaya, John 
     Dullaert, and John Major, and even later by Ramus’ own